No!   You are not bound to take your husband's name.   It's merely a tradition  that dates back to the days when women were considered property.   Regarding the use of names, here's the modern story as we've heard it:  "As long as you are not intending to commit fraud,  you can use any name you choose." 

Here are three choices:

1)   TO  LEGALLY  CHANGE  YOUR  NAME:   Women who intend to take their husband's last name, commonly begin by changing the name on their driver's license.   Here are the steps:  

They first obtain a certified copy of their marriage license.  (See the page titled Marriage Licenses.).   They then take the certified copy to the Department of Motor Vehicles and request a new driver's license showing their married name.  

Once they have both a certified copy of their marriage license and  their new driver's license in hand, they can,  with relative ease, change their other official records.   Here's a list of records that some women choose to alter:

If either spouse is adding the other to his/her insurance policy, they usually do that right away.   INS records are also commonly dealt with rather promptly, but otherwise, most people don't make a big deal about changing any of the other records.   They commonly deal with them at their convenience and/or when they naturally come to the focus of attention.  For example, IRS records are routinely updated when filing the next tax return.   Adding the new name and changing marital status is a normal part of that process.

2)   TO  MAINTAIN  YOUR  PRESENT  NAME:    Since changing all those records can be a nuisance and because there is no legal requirement to do so, many women simply  maintain the name they were known by prior to their marriage.   In social situations, these women commonly find themselves being referred to by their husbands name, but that's to be expected and is certainly nothing to be concerned about.

Here's a  simple way that many women deal with the dual-name issue.   They replace their middle name with their present last name and add their husband's last name in their last name position.    (See the example below.)   The names are usually not hyphenated because this adds confusion and sometimes make the last name excessively long.   This way a woman can easily use whichever last name she chooses to use. 

Here's an example:  Susan Marie Jones married  John Smith.   She dropped her middle name,  added her husband's last name,  and started calling herself Susan Jones Smith.   Because her degrees and her professional writings carried the name Susan Jones and because  her professional colleagues knew her as Susan Jones, she continued to use the name Susan Jones in her professional circles.   Around her family and in social circles, she referred to herself as  Susan Smith.  

3)   TAKE THE MIDDLE GROUND:    Some women change the name on their driver's license to reflect their marital status, but don't bother with any other changes.  This puts them in a position where they have acceptable ID if, in the future, they become involved in a legal transaction such as purchasing property with their spouse.   (In the above example,  Susan Marie Jones might change the name on her driver's license to Susan Jones Smith)